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University landscape
Germany is home to more than 420 universities and other higher education institutions which offer the entire range of academic disciplines. The German higher education system is characterised by a close link between learning, teaching and research. This principle has a long tradition and was formulated by Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835), the philosopher and founder of the Universität zu Berlin, the predecessor institution of today’s Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
Universities and colleges
There are more than 420 universities in Germany. This total includes:
- About 120 universities (Universitäten) including 20 universities of technology (TUs)
- Approx. 210 universities of applied sciences (Hochschulen für angewandte Wissenschaften, formerly Fachhochschulen) including almost 40 technical universities of applied sciences (THs)
- More than 50 art and music colleges (Kunsthochschulen/Musikhochschulen)
- More than 30 universities of applied administrative sciences (Verwaltungshochschulen)
Roughly 90 per cent of students in Germany study at public institutions. However, the private sector has been growing in recent years and now encompasses more than 150 privately funded universities, almost 40 of which are run by churches.
Right to award doctorates
In Germany, it is primarily the country’s universities and equivalent higher education institutions that have the right to award doctorates. In some federal states, however, universities of applied sciences (UASs) are also able in research-oriented faculties to run their own doctoral degree programmes, though the overwhelming majority (more than 99 per cent) of doctoral students still do their PhD at a university.
Increasingly, doctoral students are also supervised jointly with universities in cooperative doctoral programmes at UASs, non-university research institutions or companies.
International focus
Germany is one of the world’s most attractive research and science nations.
- Approx. 458,000 students from all over the world study at German universities and other higher education institutions
- Roughly 5,800 PhD students from abroad successfully complete their doctorates in Germany every year
- More than 63,000 international academics work in German higher education
Promoting top-level research
The Federal Government and the German states (Länder) set up the Excellence Initiative (2005–2017) that provided additional support for research activities in various disciplines at German universities. The 4.6 billion euros it invested has had a tangible impact: graduate schools, excellence clusters and future projects have enriched the university landscape, given research a real boost and created outstanding training facilities for young researchers. Now, this successful programme is being continued in the form of the Excellence Strategy. It is again investing in cutting-edge university research while supporting excellence clusters and excellence universities with annual funding totalling 533 million euros until 2025 and a total of 687 million per year from 2026 onwards.
Research activities
Universities offer a broad spectrum of research activities, including basic research and applied research and development (R&D). Almost 121,000 of Germany’s approx. 462,000 R&D researchers work at higher education institutions and university hospitals.
Higher education institutions spend a total of approx. 21 billion euros on research and development. Almost half (9.5 billion euros) comes from third-party funding.
Third-party funding for research projects is sought from both publicly funded sponsors and private donors. The most important providers of third-party funding in Germany are the Federal Government and the publicly funded Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation, DFG), which made 3.3 billion euros and 3.1 billion euros available respectively in 2022. German companies are also important providers (1.5 billion euros) of third-party funding, followed by the European Union (1.0 billion euros).
The largest share of total R&D expenditure goes to the engineering sciences and the medicine and health sciences, each of which had access to approx. 5.1 billion euros in 2021.
Facts and figures
- More than 420 universities and other higher education institutions in Germany (2024)
- More than 428,000 academic staff, including 63,000 researchers and academics from abroad (2022)
- Roughly 3 million students in total, including approx. 458,000 students from all over the world (WS 2022/23)
- R&D expenditure: 21 billion euros (2021)
Universities
They are among the best in the world. German universities play in the premier league when it comes to evaluating teaching and research. There is good reason for this: the quality of German science and scholarship has a longstanding tradition.
ExploreUniversities of applied sciences
The combination of practical science and application-focused teaching is pretty much unique in the world. The German universities of applied sciences (Hochschulen für Angewandte Wissenschaften, formerly Fachhochschulen) offer degree courses in subjects ranging from engineering and the natural sciences to economics, law, technology, design and healthcare.
ExploreTechnical universities
Another distinctive feature of Germany’s higher education landscape are its universities of technology (TUs) and technical universities of applied sciences (THs). They focus on computer science, technical subjects and the engineering sciences. They stand out particularly for their research: five TUs are universities of excellence.
ExploreTop universities
Competition is a key element in science and research, both for researchers and their institutions. This is why recent times have seen ranking lists experience a boom in Germany.
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